Une des formes qui met en valeur la réelle beauté de l’art et de la culture coréens est indéniablement la céramique. Son origine est chinoise. Cependant tout au long de l’histoire, nous avons pu développer et parfaire de manière indépendante nos propres techniques de fabrication. Grâce à leur qualité et leur beauté remarquable, nos céramiques sont historiquement connues pour avoir été exportées dans divers pays asiatiques notamment en Chine et au Japon.

Ce céladon réalisé avec la technique Sang Gam a été développé par les céramistes coréens de l’époque Goyeo. (Source : Leeum, musée d’art Samsung à Séoul)
En général, on distingue 4 sortes de céramiques en Corée : Cheongja (Céladon), Baekja (Porcelaine blanche), Buncheongsagi (forme transitoire de CheongJa à BaekJa), et Cheonghwa. Dans cet article, on parlera de Cheongja mais surtout de Baekja, qui représente une définition parfaite de la beauté coréenne.
- Cheongja et la dynastie Goryeo (918 – 1392)
Cheongja, aussi appelé céladon, regroupe les céramiques de couleur verte. Symbolisant la dignité et la noblesse, ce style s’est développé pendant la dynastie de Goryeo (918 – 1392) et a connu sa période de pleine prospérité entre les 12ème et 13ème siècles. Sa splendeur s’explique par le fait que Goryeo était une société bouddhiste des nobles, et que cette forme d’art a été principalement créée pour eux comme des objets de décoration.

Cheongja – Water Dropper, Céladon coréen

CheongJa – Théière, Céladon Coréen
- BaekJa et la dynastie Joseon (1392 – 1910)
La céramique coréenne blanche s’est développée pendant la dynastie de Joseon qui suit immédiatement celle de Goryeo. Il faut noter que la dynastie Joseon se base sur la philosophie confucéenne, et non plus sur le bouddhisme. On poursuit donc des idées complètement différentes et cela s’est également manifesté sur nos céramiques avec un nouveau style.
La société Joseon insistait sur la modestie, et a demandé aux élites de l’époque de poursuivre une vie frugale et simple. La beauté est devenue désormais quelque chose de discret, sobre et simple. Ce n’est plus quelque chose qui devait se remarquer de l’extérieur mais qui remplit l’intérieur.
Ainsi les gens de l’époque appréciaient l’art du vide, quelque chose de simple et naturel. Quand on voit une peinture, ça devait nous donner une impression qu’on est face à la nature.

Céramiques blanches
Symbolisant la pureté et la modestie, le blanc était une couleur aimée par tout le peuple de Joseon. Un autre nom qu’on utilise pour appeler les « Joseonais » est justement le peuple aux vêtements blancs. Dans la vie quotidienne, ils avaient l’habitude de porter et d’apprécier un habillement majoritairement blanc.

Scène de genre par Hong-Do Kim, montrant des gens portant des vêtements blancs : Il faut absolument que je vous présente ce célèbre artiste de l’époque Joseon!
La céramique coréenne blanche s’est développée jusqu’au 16ème siècle, donc jusqu’à l’invasion des Japonais. En quittant le pays, les troupes ont kidnappé beaucoup de céramistes coréens. Alors qu’avant l’invasion, la céramique blanche était principalement utilisée pour la famille royale, on remarque qu’à partir de la fin du 16ème siècle, elle s’utilisait aussi pour les objets de la vie quotidienne.
- Terroir pour le BaekJa ?
Le terroir ne concerne pas uniquement les vins, on utilise aussi ce mot pour la céramique BaekJa s’est développé surtout à Gwangju, dans la région de Gyeonggido (équivalent à l’ile de France en France); on y trouve une bonne terre pour la céramique, et géographiquement, la région était proche de Hanyang (le nom de Séoul de l’époque), ce qui était pratique pour le transport. La ville de Ganggu (dans la région de Gangwondo) est aussi célèbre pour la céramique, on y trouve un musée de la céramique et beaucoup de coréens viennent y suivre des formations et des ateliers sur ce thème.
- Différents motifs de Baekja (vous avez le choix
)
1. Le Dragon : ce motif représente le Roi, le pouvoir suprême.

Céramique Baekja montrant un Dragon
2. Le Héron : il représente la longévité

Un héron (céramique Baekja)
3. La main de Bouddha (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus) on dit que cette plante ressemble aux doigts de Bouddha, le motif représente le bonheur.
4. les Fleurs d’abricotier : elles représentent l’élégance et la grandeur d’âme
5. La Pivoine : elle symbolise la richesse, la noblesse et la gloire
6. Le Phénix : cet oiseau imaginaire symbolise la Reine, par son élégance
7. Le Cerf : il symbolise la longévité
- Cheongja vs Baekja
Du point de vue esthétique, on a tendance à plus apprécier le style Cheongja, par sa richesse et dignité apparente. Pourtant on dit que du point de vue technique, le style BaekJa est plus avancé.
D’après un expert, la température de cuisson du Cheongja est approximativement de 1200°C, tandis que celle du Baekja atteint 1300 degrés. Cette différence de 100 degrés nécessite une technique de fabrication plus complexe.
La différence entre les deux céramiques est la couleur. Les ingrédients des deux sont quasiment identiques, mais la composition précise de la terre varie, par exemple de la quantité de fer et de cuivre.
- Conclusion
Les autres céramiques, aux nombreuses décorations et couleurs, sont plus faciles à apprécier au premier coup d’œil.
Cependant nos céramiques coréennes sont le résultat d’un long travail sur la qualité de la porcelaine elle même, qui s’apprécie sans jamais passer de mode. C’est la pureté et la discrétion qui caractérisent l’élégance de ces pièces.
Je suis fière de vous avoir présenté nos céramiques. En fait j’ai préparé ce dossier pour la présentation d’un peintre coréen moderne qui va suivre juste après cet article. Ce peintre est connu pour adorer le Dal Hangari, un style de céramiques Baekja, et on retrouve cette influence partout dans ses œuvres. J’ai entendu dire que les Français aiment en général la couleur bleue, je suis sûre que vous allez adorer ses œuvres.

Céramique BaekJa Dal Hangari – Jarre de Lune
A bientôt donc!
- Sources pour les images et pour l’article :
- un documentaire en coréen réalisé par le centre d’informations sur la culture coréenne : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqoQ9-X3ujc
- un documentaire en coréen réalisé par EBS, chaîne de TV d’éducation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0wlb_Hyic8
L’article est clair. J’ai mieux compris l’origine et les différences des céramiques. J’ai une question, comment appelle t-on l’ère du 21eme siècle? Après celle de Joseon, qu’elle a été son nom? En France c’est La 5eme République ,au Japon c’est Heisei. Quant est t-il en Corée? Merci et bonne continuation.^^
Merci pour ton commentaire. A mon avis, on l’appelle la 6ème République (depuis 1987; La présidente Park est actuellement le 6ème président de notre 6ème république) ou tout simplement « Daehanminguk ». »
[…] sur Solip.fr j’ai publié un nouvel article sur les céramiques coréennes. Je l’ai préparé avec beaucoup […]
[…] bien apprécié la jarre de lune coréenne ? (voir l’article précédent sur les céramiques coréennes). Alors vous voilà prêts à découvrir l’artiste Hwan Ki KIM (ou bien Whan Ki KIM, 1913 – […]
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